Nonhypercholesterolemic effects of a palm-oil diet in Malaysian volunteers. Coconut oil is composed mainly of the saturated fatty acid, lauric acid (12 carbon atoms), but also of other long-chain saturated fatty acids, myristic (14 carbon atoms) and palmitic acids (16 carbon atoms).5 Mensink performed a comprehensive systematic review with meta-regression of each of these fatty acids on plasma LDL cholesterol and other lipoproteins.1 Mensink’s review considered all sources of lauric, myristic, and palmitic acids, not only from coconut oil, but also in other foods such as dairy fat, palm kernel, and palm oil. The effects of a palm-oil enriched diet on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy young men. Also, the estimated amount of tested cooking oil intake varied from 2% to 25% of total energy intake across trials. The effect of daily consumption of coconut fat and soya-bean fat on plasma lipids and lipoproteins of young normolipidaemic men. We anticipated methodological variations in the designs, populations, types of control oils, and the amount of intake of coconut oil across studies. 142, Issue Suppl_4, November 17, 2020: Vol. Nonetheless, coconut oil has been accorded much attention in the popular media as a potentially beneficial food product. More evidence from cohort studies and clinical trials on the effect of coconut oil consumption on cardiovascular events is thus desirable. ‡Commercial soybean oil, commercially available soybean oil with usual (7%) 18:3 content. †A16 soybean oil (mutant line), food-grade soybean oil with low (2%) 18:3. Conversion factor: HDL-cholesterol from mg/dL to mmol/L: divide by 38.67. That coconut oil contributes to cardiovascular disease would appear noncontroversial because its saturated fat content increases plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration.1 Cholesterol-rich LDL is a major cause of atherosclerosis because it delivers its cholesterol load to the arterial wall and causes obstruction and inflammation. Coconut oil is not an oil that acts as if its main components are medium-chain fatty acids. Four electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane Central, and Web of Science) were searched until June 2019, without language restriction. and J.Y.H.S.) There were differences across trials with regard to the method of coconut and comparison oil provision: 10 trials provided meals or cooked foods, 5 trials only provided the cooking oils for use at home, and 2 trials provided coconut oil in a capsule format. This should inform choices about coconut oil consumption. For all 17 trials that assessed the effect of coconut oil consumption on CVD risk factors, results for blood lipids (LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol) were reported.6–21 In addition, 8 trials reported on body weight,6–8,15,18–21 5 trials on percentage body fat,7,8,18–20 4 trials on waist circumference,6,8,18,19 4 trials on fasting plasma glucose6,8,16,19 and 5 trials on C-reactive protein.6,8,17,19,21. I2 values of 25%, 50%, and 75% indicated low, moderate and high degrees of heterogeneity, respectively.32. However, 2 studies used organic extra-virgin coconut oil, 18,19 2 studies used refined, bleached, and deodorized oil, 11,13 1 study used fractionated coconut oil, 16 and 1 one study used filtered coconut oil obtained by pressing dehydrated coconut pulp. In a meta-analysis of 16 trials, coconut oil consumption significantly increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations as compared with nontropical vegetable oils. Coconut oil did not change concentrations of triglycerides significantly compared with the nontropical oils (Table 2). Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Furthermore, the authors excluded nonrandomized sequential feeding trials and trials of encapsulated oil supplements.25 The smaller number of trials on coconut oil included in the network meta-analysis may thus have reduced their statistical power. Coconut oil consumption did not significantly change C-reactive protein, fasting glucose concentrations, or measures of body fatness compared with nontropical vegetable oils. Dallas, TX 75231 Health effects of coconut oil-a narrative review of current evidence. However, we did observe a trend towards stronger effects of coconut oil consumption on LDL-cholesterol for trials with a higher intake of coconut oil and trials that provided cooked foods rather than only oils to be used at home. This review was conducted using a predefined protocol and in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses).26 The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (Unique Identifier: CRD42018108499). We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane Registry, and Web of Science through June 2019. This was unexpected because palm oil significantly increases LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with nontropical vegetable oils.48 However, because of differences in characteristics of the study designs and populations, the effects of replacing coconut oil for different control oils cannot be readily compared.
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