Sea ice extent is above average along a wide area of the Ross Sea and Wilkes Land coast, and in the Eastern Weddell Sea. Paired with the 2019 Arctic heatwave, this melting rate may produce disastrous outcomes. The five lowest September extent minima (2007, 2012, 2016, 2019, and 2020) all show large departures in October extent compared to the reference period. Forests rim some ice caps in Iceland, Russia, and Canada. Following the pattern of recent years, growth became very rapid late in the month, averaging around 134,000 square kilometers (51,700 square miles) per day. If all of the ice in Antarctica melts, it will raise the sea levels all over world at about 61 meters or 200 feet. Polar ice caps are made of different materials on different planets. Figure 4a. The extents in km2 for the current and for the years of minimum and maximum extents are provided below the image. Press direct line: +1 303.492.1497. Few organisms have adapted to life on an ice cap, although many plants and animals live on the cold periphery. Contact NSIDC User Services or call +1 303.492.6199
This results from the high reflectivity (albedo) of the sea ice compared to ice-free waters. This was 3.07 million square kilometers (1.19 million square miles) below the 1981 to 2010 October average and 450,000 square kilometers (173,700 square miles) below the record low mark for October set in 2019. Monthly October ice extent for 1979 to 2020 shows a decline of 10.1 percent per decade.Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center High-resolution image. Figure 3. Figure 4: Color-coded animation displaying the last 2 weeks of the daily sea ice concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere. The delay in ice regrowth leads to large departures from average in sea ice extent in the time after the summer minimum and particularly in the month of October. Exchange for Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic (ELOKA), NASA Distributed Active Archive Center at NSIDC (NSIDC DAAC), All About Arctic Climatology & Meteorology, Sea Ice Index (Passive microwave satellite data), MASIE (Daily sea ice extent, multi-source). About the dataCredit: University of BremenHigh-resolution image. The different shades of gray over land indicate the land elevation with the lightest gray being the highest elevation. The 1981 to 2010 median is in dark gray. Elsewhere in the Arctic and the northernmost Atlantic regions, temperatures were near average to slightly below average. About the dataCredit: National Snow and Ice Data CenterHigh-resolution image. This includes complete transits from Europe to East Asia, local shipping within the Arctic Ocean, and deliveries of liquefied natural gas from gas fields in the Yamal Peninsula to ports in both Europe and East Asia. It is slightly below average in the Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas. Sea ice growth in the last 10 days of the month was mostly along the Siberian coast, extending northward, and along the Eurasian side of the sea ice pack, extending southward. Over the 42-year satellite record, the Arctic has lost about 3.45 million square kilometers (1.33 million square miles) of ice in October, based on the difference in linear trend values in 2019 and 1979. Figure 1: 10-year averages between 1979 and 2018 and yearly averages for 2007, 2012, and 2020 of the daily (a) ice extent and (b) ice area in the Northern Hemisphere and a listing of the extent and area of the current, historical mean, minimum, and maximum values in km2. However, the anomalous warmth is largely limited to near the surface of the ocean. This excess heat transferred to the atmosphere can be seen as the warm (red) layer over the open water region. Click for high-resolution image. This figure shows a profile of temperature (in color) for the lower half of the atmosphere (500 to 1,000 millibars, or about 18,000 feet to the surface) versus latitude, averaged along a swath of longitudes from 140 to 170 degrees E. With longer periods of open water during spring and summer, more solar energy is absorbed within the upper part of the ocean. Air temperatures at the 925 hPa level (about 2,500 feet above the surface) were 4 to 5 degrees Celsius (7 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit) above average for the month across much of the Central and Western Arctic Ocean and the Siberian Arctic coast, as well as over Northern Greenland. The average sea level pressure pattern for October was characterized by below-average pressure over the Northern Atlantic Ocean and Laptev and Bering Seas, driving winds northward toward the Lena River region, Barents Sea, and Novaya Zemlya. When scientists talk about the cryosphere, they mean the places on Earth where water is in its solid form, frozen into ice or snow. Notably, the disappearing polar ice caps will accelerate global warming, cause widespread coastal flooding, and contribute to rising sea levels. Few organisms have adapted to life on an ice cap, although many plants and animals live on the cold periphery. The sea ice data for the Sea Ice Index are from the NASA Snow and Ice Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC), which is funded by NASA award 80GSFC18C0102, and from the CIRES cooperative agreement with NOAA, which is funded by NOAA NA15OAR4320137. Yellows and reds indicate high air pressure; blues and purples indicate low pressure.Credit: NSIDC courtesy NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Physical Sciences Division High-resolution image. A polar ice cap is an extensive area of land at the North or South Pole covered with massive amounts of ice. Polar ice caps are made of different materials on different planets. Read about the data. Large heat transfers from the open water to the atmosphere have manifested as above-average air temperatures near the surface of the ocean. Notably, in the last few days of the month, sea ice concentration dropped in the area of the Maud Rise and in an area near the front of the Amery Ice Shelf. This chart shows Northern Sea Route (NSR) shipping traffic for August 2020 and other shipping information for that region. The NASA award NNX16AJ92G funds the ASINA project. Track color legend is shown in the lower right. Figure 5. This excess heat transferred to the atmosphere can be seen in a vertical profile of temperature by latitude along longitude 140 to 170 degrees E, which cuts though the open water area along the Eurasian coast (Figure 4a). On Mars, polar ice caps are a combination of water ice and solid carbon dioxide. Figure 7. Figure 6: Color-coded map of the daily sea ice concentration in the Southern Hemisphere for the indicated recent date along with the contours of the 15% edge during the years with the least extent of ice (in red) and the greatest extent of ice (in yellow) during the period from November 1978 to the present. The polar ice caps on earth are located at the North Pole and the South Pole. Earth’s polar ice caps are mostly water-based ice. Researchers Walt Meier, Ted Scambos, Mark Serreze, and Julienne Stroeve regularly contribute to ASINA, sometimes featuring guest authors, and with support from Kevin Beam, Andy Barrett, Lisa Booker, Michael Brandt, Florence Fetterer, Matt Fisher, Agnieszka Gautier, Marin Klinger, Jonathan Kovarik, Jed Lenetsky, Luis Espinosa Lopez, Audrey Payne, Bruce Raup, Matt Savoie, Trey Stafford, Bruce Wallin, and Ann Windnagel. The sea ice cover is one of the key components of the polar climate system. The magenta line shows the 1981 to 2010 average extent for that month. Looking for facts and information? We provide an update during the first week of each month, or more frequently as conditions warrant. Sea ice extent is the integral sum of the areas of all grid cells with at least 15% ice concentration, while sea ice area is the integral sum of the product of ice concentration and area of all grid cells with at least 15% ice concentration. Explore current and archived sea ice data on the NSIDC Sea Ice Index Web site. Yellows and reds indicate higher than average temperatures; blues and purples indicate lower than average temperatures.Credit: NSIDC courtesy NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Physical Sciences Division High-resolution image, Figure 2c.
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